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In immunology, the antigen can be a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen or T-cell receptor. Each has a unique shape that your immune system reads like a nametag to know whether it belongs in your body. Any foreign invaders, chemicals, toxins, and pollens, could be antigens. Of course, normal cells can become self-antigens under pathological conditions. Compared to antigen, proteins perform many functions within organisms, including catalysing reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimulation, organisms, and transporting molecules. In terms of source, our proteins are expressed either in E. coli BL21(DE3)—a prokaryotic system or HEK-293T mammalian cells—a eukaryotic system, or yeast expression system.

The proteins produced in cells are made from one or more polypeptides. Peptides generally are named based on the number of amino acid residues in the sequence, and each amino acid comprising a peptide is called a “residue”. Peptide hormones have numerous functions, and the major peptide hormones in the human body includes insulin, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and insulin.


Immunoglobulin is a large, Y-shaped protein which can identify the specific epitope of the antigens. According to constant regions types, antibodies are classified into IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Among them, IgG is the main antibody in blood. Therefore, in the website, IgG antibodies are also the most numerous. IgA is mainly present as monomers, IgM has a key role in the initial immune system defense, and IgE is originally related to immunity reactions. While mouse is still the most common host species for producing monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies are now available from a variety of host species including rabbits, alpaca, hamsters or rats. In addition, rabbits and goats are the preferred animals of polyclonal antibodies.


BOT Bioscience has mature protein, peptide and antibody platforms, establishing several new, advanced standard for proteins and antibodies. We are committed to satisfying your expectations by providing the highest quality products in scientific research.